1-pengenalan radiografi
2-teknologi bahan dan kimpalan
3-teknik-teknik radiografi.
Principle of RT
- based on differential absorption of penetrating medium
- 3 basic elements for radiography; source of radiation, object to be inspected, radiographic film. After exposure, film is processed to produce image.
- digital imaging plate is now replacing X-ray film.
- inspect metal and non metal: welds castings forging mechanical assemblies electronic components concrete, etc.
- detect surface and internal defects.
- can be used for most materials
- permanent visual image record
- disclose fabrication errors - provide information for correction
- reveal structural discontinuities and assembly errors.
- High capital cost
- require electrical supply (for X-ray machine)
- safety hazard to personnel
- not sensitive to laminar type discontinuity
- require accessibility from both sides (film side and source side).
- Selenium, Se-75 Gamma energy = 66-401keV, Half life= 120 days, Output = 0.203R/h.Ci.m. Steel thickness 4~28mm.
- Iridium, Ir-192 Gamma energy = 206-612 keV, Half life= 74 days, Output = 0.48R/h.Ci.m. Steel thickness 12~60mm.
- Cobalt, Co-60 Gamma energy = 1173-1333 keV, Half life= 5.3 years, Output =1.30R/h.Ci.m. Steel thickness 50~200mm.
Pemeriksaan kimpalan paip
- Double wall double image (DWDI) - untuk diameter paip kurang dari 90mm.
- Double wall single image (DWSI) - untuk diameter paip > 90mm
- Single wall single image (SWSI) - untuk diameter paip > 90mm termasuklah juga panoramik
Length that meets requirement for radiographic density and sensitivity
- Plate or seam welds – 2/5 SFD
- SWSI/DWSI – minimum 3 shots
- DWDI – minimum 2 shots
Sudut 'theta' biasanya ditentukan oleh standard. Contohnya dalam standard German (DIN) sudut ini ialah 19 (kritikal) dan 25 (normal). Standard Jepun pula menghendaki sudut ini tidak lebih dari 15 jika kita ingin mengesan retakan melintang dalam kimpalan. Formula berikut boleh diterbitkan melalui susunan gometri di atas;
Contoh perkiraan;
Daripada nilai 'alfa' ini jumlah 'shot' yang diperlukan untuk meradiograf paip yang berdiameter 220mm dan tebal 12mm dengan kaedah DWSI ialah sebanyak 4 shot.